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Component 1.1 Properties: Understand how properties are used to identify, describe, and categorize substances, materials, and objects and how characteristics are used to categorize living things. |
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Physical Systems |
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1.1.1 |
Understand simple properties of familiar natural and manufactured materials and objects.
§ Identify and describe a property of an object.
§ Sort familiar materials and objects using a simple property (e.g., texture, color, size, shape).
§ Sort familiar objects by multiple simple properties (e.g., texture and color; size and shape).
§ Identify and describe the differences between familiar natural and manufactured materials and objects using properties.
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Understand how to use properties to sort natural and manufactured materials and objects including color, hardness, shape, size, state, temperature, texture, and weight.
§ Identify, describe, and/or sort objects and materials, using physical properties such as color, hardness, shape, size, smell temperature, texture, and weight.
§ Sort and classify unfamiliar natural and manufactured materials and objects according to various physical properties (e.g., length, weight, hardness, and temperature, color, shape, texture, smell).
§ Explain how materials and objects can be described using observations.
§ Know the volumetric properties of solids and liquids (e.g., fills its container).
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Properties of Substances |
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1.1.2 |
Understand the relative position and motion of familiar objects.
§ Describe the position of one object relative to another or to surroundings using positional language (e.g., up, down, behind, above, in front).
§ Describe the position of an object in relation to another object on a distance scale laid out in units. (e.g., steps or cm).
§ Measure and compare the distance traveled by two objects in the same amount of time. (e.g., minutes, faster, slower, further and closer). |
Understand the relative position and motion of objects.
§ Identify or describe the position of one object relative to another object (or surroundings) using positional language (such as in front of, behind, to the left, to the right, above, and below) and/or a distance scale (such as centimeters). § Identify or describe the motion of an object as the object travels in a straight line in terms of distance, time, and/or direction. § Describe the distance traveled by two objects moving differently along a straight line in the same amount of time.
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Motion of Objects |
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Component 1.1 Properties: Understand how properties are used to identify, describe, and categorize substances, materials, and objects and how characteristics are used to categorize living things. |
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Physical Systems |
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1.1.1 |
Understand how to use physical and chemical properties to sort and identify substances including boiling point, density, freezing point, mass, acidity (pH), and solubility.
§ Identify, categorize, or describe substances using physical and/or chemical properties including boiling point, density, freezing point, mass, acidity( pH), and solubility.
§ Use the properties of an unknown substance to identify the substance.
§ Recognize that the mass of an object is the same when measured anywhere in the universe at any normal speed.
§ Describe why substances with the same volume may have different densities. § Know the volumetric properties of a solid, liquid and gas (e.g., fills its container).
§ Explain why substances with the same mass may have different densities. |
§ Identify or describe how changing the number of electrons, neutrons, and/or protons of an atom affects that atom including atomic name and number.
§ Identify, describe, or explain the properties shared by elements in a vertical column (groups or families) of the periodic table.
§ Predict the properties of an element based on the element’s location (groups or families) on the periodic table.
§ Identify an unknown substance using the substance’s physical and/or chemical properties.
§ Explain or predict the behavior of a substance based upon its physical and/or chemical properties.
§ Describe how changing the number of electrons, neutrons, protons affects that atom including atomic name and number.
§ Predict and explain the properties of elements based on the elements’ location (groups or families) on the Periodic Table.
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Properties of Substances |
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1.1.2 |
Understand the positions, relative speeds, and changes in speed of objects.
§ Identify or describe the relative position or change of position of one or two objects.
§ Identify or describe the speed of an object relative to the speed of another object.
§ Identify, describe or explain an objects’ motion as speeding up slowing down or moving with constant speed using models, numbers, words, diagrams, or graphs.
§ Measure and describe the relative position or change in position of one or two objects.
§ Measure and describe the speed of an object relative to the speed of another object.
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Apply an understanding of direction, speed, and acceleration when describing the linear motion of objects.
§ Determine the average speed of an object during a given interval of time.
§ Describe the motion (speed, direction, and acceleration) of an object during a given time interval relative to Earth or some other object.
§ Identify, describe, or determine the average speed of an object during a given time interval moving in a straight line.
§ Identify, describe, or determine the acceleration of an object during a given time interval moving in a straight line.
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Motion of Objects |
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Component 1.1 Properties: Understand how properties are used to identify, describe, and categorize substances, materials, and objects and how characteristics are used to categorize living things. |
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Physical Systems |
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1.1.3 |
Know that sound is caused by vibrations
and that light bounces off or passes through objects.
§ Recognize that vibrations cause sound.
§ Describe the behavior of light when it hits different surfaces (e.g., bounces off or passes through). |
Understand the behavior of sound waves in terms of vibrations and pitch. Understand the behavior of light waves in terms of bouncing off, passing through, and changes in direction.
§ Experience, describe and explain the relationship between the pitch of a sound and the vibrations of the object causing the sound.
§ Identify and describe experiences with sound including vibrations, echoes, and pitch.
§ Identify, describe, or explain the relationship between pitch of a sound and the vibrations of the object that caused the sound.
§ Identify or describe the motion of light waves as light bounces of or passes through an object.
§ Identify or describe the motion of light waves as light changes direction when passing through an object.
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Wave Behavior |
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1.1.4 |
Understand that energy keeps things running and comes in many forms.
Evidence of Learning:
• Identify and state the source of energy for a system (e.g., sunlight for plants, gas for cars, electricity for lights, food for animals). § Explain that the sun warms the land, air and water.
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Understand that energy keeps things running and comes in many forms.
§ Describe the forms of energy present in a system (e.g., heat of hot water, light from the sun, electrical in a circuit sound from a bell; stored (potential) energy in battery, or energy of motion (kinetic).
§ Explain that energy keeps the system running (e.g., moving, making sound, working, playing). |
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Energy Sources and Kinds |
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Component 1.1 Properties: Understand how properties are used to identify, describe, and categorize substances, materials, and objects and how characteristics are used to categorize living things. |
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Physical Systems |
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1.1.3 |
Understand sound waves, water waves, and light waves, using wave properties including amplitude, wavelength, and speed; and understand wave behaviors including, reflection, refraction, transmission and absorption.
§ Identify or describe how sound waves and/or water waves affect the motion of the particles in the substance through which the wave is traveling (e.g., motion of the ground as waves during an earthquake).
§ Identify or describe the amplitude, wavelength, and/or speed of sound waves, water waves, and/or light waves (e.g., color of light, pitch of sound, the speed of light is much faster than sound).
§ Identify or describe the behavior of light waves when light interacts with clear, partially clear, and absorbing substances (e.g., reflection, refraction, absorption, and transmission).
§ Identify or describe the behavior of sound waves and/or water waves as the waves are reflected and/or absorbed by a substance.
§ Identify or describe the changes in speed and/or direction as a wave goes from one substance into another.
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Analyze sound waves, water waves, and light waves, using wave properties including frequency and energy; and analyze wave behaviors including interference.
§ Identify or describe the relationship between the wave properties of amplitude and frequency and the energy of a wave (e.g., loud vs. soft sound, high vs. low pitch, red vs. blue light). § Identify or describe the relationship between a wave’s speed and the properties of the substance through which the waves travels (e.g., all loudness and pitch of sound travels the same speed in the same air, a wave changes speed only when changing substances). § Predict and explain what happens to the pitch of sound or color of light as the wave frequency increases. § Identify or describe similarities and/or differences between light waves, sound waves, and water waves. § Identify or describe the resulting motion of a substance when two or more waves interfere traveling in the substance.
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Wave Behavior |
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1.1.4 |
Understand that energy is a property of matter, objects, and systems and comes in many forms including potential (stored) energy, kinetic (motion) energy, thermal (heat) energy, and other forms of energy.
§ Explain that matter has energy because the particles of a substance are in continual motion (kinetic energy).
§ Describe heat, light, electrical, mechanical, sound, nuclear, and chemical as forms of energy.
§ Compare and contrast [or explain] the forms of stored (potential) energy for different systems (e.g., springs, electric circuits, fuel for vehicles, ball held up from floor, catapult).
§ Identify and explain the kind or form of energy at some place in a system. |
Analyze the forms of energy in a system, subsystems, or parts of a system.
§ Identify and describe the forms energy within a common system. § Explain why most energy can be considered to be kinetic or potential energy. § List and define some major forms of energy (e.g., potential, kinetic, thermal, chemical, mechanical, electromagnetic and nuclear). § Describe the thermal (heat) energy of a system, subsystems, or parts of a system. § Describe the energy components of a system, subsystems, or parts of a system.
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Energy Sources and Kinds |
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Component 1.1 Properties: Understand how properties are used to identify, describe, and categorize substances, materials, and objects and how characteristics are used to categorize living things. |
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Earth and Space Systems |
1.1.5 |
Understand physical properties of Earth materials and air.
§ Sort rocks based on size, shape, and other physical properties (e.g., color, texture).
§ Illustrate and tell about the properties of water as a solid, liquid, and gas.
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Understand physical properties of Earth materials including rocks, soil, water, and air.
§ Describe how the physical properties of soil support plant growth (e.g., retain water, supply nutrients).
§ Identify and describe water’s state in the three phases of matter as solid, liquid, and gas in different situations. |
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Nature and Properties of Earth Materials |
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Living Systems |
1.1.6 |
Understand how to sort familiar living and nonliving things.
§ Identify observable characteristics of living organisms.
§ Sort objects and organisms based on whether they are living or nonliving.
§ Sort common organisms into plant and animal groups by using characteristics of living things.
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Understand how to distinguish living organisms from non living objects, and how to use characteristics to sort common organisms into plant and animal groups.
§ Identify or describe the characteristics of living organisms.
§ Classify objects and organisms based on whether they have the characteristics of living things.
§ Sort common organisms into plant and animal groups by using characteristics of living things.
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Characteristics of Living Matter |
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Component 1.1 Properties: Understand how properties are used to identify, describe, and categorize substances, materials, and objects and how characteristics are used to categorize living things. |
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Earth and Space Systems |
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1.1.5 |
Understand how to classify rocks and soils into groups based on their chemical and physical properties; describe the processes by which rocks and soils are formed.
§ Identify and describe the properties of minerals and rocks (e.g., texture, luster, cleavage, hardness, pH).
§ Identify and describe the properties of soils (e.g., chemical composition such as Nitrate nutrients and texture such as clay, sand, and gravel).
§ Identify and describe the processes that create different types of rocks.
§Identify and describe processes that contribute to the composition of soil (e.g., weathering rock, decomposition via plant acids).
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Understand and analyze the chemical composition of Earth materials such as rocks, soils, water, gases of the atmosphere, with physical properties.
§ Correlate the chemical composition of Earth materials (e.g., rocks, soils, water, and gases of the atmosphere) with their physical properties (e.g., the ductility of copper) that determine their use to humans.
§ Describe how the total amount of a specific element is conserved in Earth’s systems when one or more elements undergo a change (e.g., carbon cycle, burning of wood and fossil fuels).
§ Explain and evaluate why Earth materials as resources are useful to humans based on their distinctive physical and chemical properties (e.g., fossil fuels, metal ores, minerals, and gems).
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Nature and Properties of Earth Materials |
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Life Systems |
1.1.6 |
Understand how to categorize plants and animals into groups according to how they accomplish life processes and by similarities and differences in external and internal structures.
§ Categorize plants and/or animals into groups according to how they accomplish life processes such as food production/consumption or reproduction, or whether they are consumers, producers, or decomposers.
§ Categorize plants and/or animals into groups by similarities and differences in physical characteristics, functional characteristics, and/or internal and external structures.
§ Explain an inference about whether animals or plants have a biological relationship based on given characteristics.
§ Explain why an organism is classified as a producer, consumer, or decomposer. |
Analyze structural, cellular, biochemical, and genetic relationships among organisms.
§ Classify organisms based on their shared physical and cellular characteristics and/or functional processes and explain the classification. § Explain the degree of kinship between organisms based on their biochemical similarities (e.g., DNA or amino acid sequences). |
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Characteristics of Living Matter |
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Component 1.2 Structures: Understand how components, structures, organizations, and interconnections describe systems. |
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Systems Structure |
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1.2.1 |
Understand that familiar things are made of parts.
§ Identify the parts of a familiar object (e.g., toys with moving parts, familiar plants or animals found in the classroom or at home). |
Understand that familiar things are made of parts.
§ Identify the parts of a familiar object (e.g., toys with moving parts, familiar plants or animals found in the classroom or at home). |
Understand that familiar things are made of parts that go together and depend on each other.
§ Identify the parts of familiar objects (e.g., toys with moving parts that can be disassembled and reassembled improperly so as to lose functionality, plants that can be grown from seed to flower and animals such as elephants with trunks). § Describe how the parts of familiar objects go together. § Construct simple devices to do familiar tasks using common materials and explain how the parts depend on each other (e.g., cardboard, wood, clay, rubber bands). |
Understand the parts of a system.
§ Identify the parts of simple systems. § Identify missing parts of systems. § Describe how a collection of parts of a system can do more than the individual parts (e.g., a collection of wooden blocks can form a bridge). § Describe what happens to the functionality of simple familiar systems when a part of it is removed (e.g., the eraser of a pencil is removed, a leaf is removed from a plant). |
Understand how the parts of a system go together.
§ Describe how the parts of a simple system go together. § Identify or describe the function of a part within a system. § Predict and explain why a system would work if one of its parts was missing. § Explain how the parts in a system made of many parts usually work together. § Describe what happens to the functionality of familiar systems when a part is removed. |
Understand how the parts of a system go together, and how these parts depend on each other.
§ Identify the parts of a system such as a device or natural or living thing and how they go together. § Describe the function of a part of a system such as a device or natural or living thing. § Explain how one part of a system depends upon other parts of the same system (e.g., explain that sunlight is the energy needed for plant systems). § Predict and explain how a system would work if one of its parts was missing § Describe a simple system that can perform a task and illustrate how the parts depend on each using common classroom materials. |
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Systems Approach |
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Component 1.2 Structures: Understand how components, structures, organizations, and interconnections describe systems. |
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Systems Structure |
1.2.1 |
Identify and understand how the parts or components of a simple system interconnect and influence each other including inputs, outputs.
§ Reassemble disassembled simple mechanical devices.
§ Recognize how the parts or components of a system interconnect and influence each other
§ Identify the inputs, and outputs of a system
§ Locate the transfers of energy and matter within a system (e.g., electrical energy is transferred to light in a light bulb in an electric circuit). |
Identify and understand how components of a system interconnect and influence each other including inputs, outputs.
§ Describe the parts or components of a system and how the parts or components interconnect and influence each other.
§ Describe where energy and/or materials are transferred within a system.
§ Identify the inputs, outputs, and transfers of a system. |
Understand how the components of a system interconnect and influence each other including inputs, outputs.
§ Describe a system by tracing the flow of matter and energy through the system.
§ Describe the inputs, outputs, and transfers of a system
§ Explain the parts or components of a system and how the parts interconnect and influence each other.
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Analyze systems, including the inputs, outputs, and interconnections of a system and its subsystems.
§ Define a system by identifying the parts and how they work together.
§ Identify the inputs, outputs, interconnections of a system or subsystem including energy and matter.
§ Describe a subsystem within a system.
§ Analyze the interconnections between the parts of a system. |
Analyze, how systems function, including the inputs and outputs and interconnections of a system and its subsystems.
§ Explain the inputs, outputs, interconnections of a system or subsystem including energy and matter.
§ Explain the interconnections between subsystems within a system.
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Systems Approach |
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Component 1.2 Structures: Understand how components, structures, organizations, and interconnections describe systems. |
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Physical Systems |
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1.2.2 |
Know that energy can be transferred from one object to another.
§ State that the sun is the primary source of heat (energy) on the Earth.
§ Identify familiar sources of energy in familiar systems (e.g., battery for a flashlight, spring for toy).
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Understand that energy can be transferred from one object to another and can be transformed from one type of energy to another.
§ Describe how heat is transferred from one place/object to another.
§ Recognize situations in which a transfer of energy has occurred. (e.g., energy is transferred from hot water to a cup.)
§ Recognize situations in which a transformation of energy has occurred (e.g., energy of motion of hands clapping changing into sound energy.)
§ Give an example where stored energy is changed to another energy form such as energy of motion, heat, light, or sound.
§ Locate and describe where an energy change occurs in a system. |
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Energy Transfer and Transformation |
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1.2.3 |
Know that common materials are made of smaller parts
§ Identify small parts of familiar substances as still being that substance (e.g., a drop of water is still water, a speck of sugar is still sugar).
§ Understand that people use magnifiers to observe things they can not see with their eyes.
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Know that substances are made of small particles called atoms and molecules.
§ Know that matter is made of particles called atoms and molecules that are too small to see.
§ Know that atoms and molecules are too small to see even with microscopes. |
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